High-throughput image-based seed phenotyping and multivariate analysis to characterize common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) accessions

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed phenotyping is essential for characterizing genetic diversity and identifying superior traits to support breeding for climate resilience and nutritional quality. Traditional manual techniques are increasingly being replaced by high-throughput, image-based digital phenotyping to ensure precision and efficiency in large-scale morphometric analysis. In this study, 30 common bean accessions from the Rural Development Administration (RDA) Gene Bank, South Korea, were phenotyped in 2025 using high-resolution image-based analysis to quantify key traits, including area, solidity, circularity, major/minor axis lengths, aspect ratio, and Feret diameter. One-way ANOVA revealed highly significant differences among accessions for all measured traits (p