Assessment of The Protective Effect of Omega3 Versus Vitamin E on Bisphenol A-induced Liver Injury in Adult Male Albino Rats: A Histological and Immunohistochemical study

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widespread endocrine-disrupting compound with human exposure occurring through diet, medical procedures, and occupational contact. It induces hepatotoxicity mainly through oxidative stress. Antioxidants such as vitamins and minerals help counteract these effects by enhancing the body’s antioxidant defenses. Vitamin E and Omega-3 are well known as potential antioxidants. Aim of work: The study aims to assess the possible protective effect of Omega-3 versus Vitamin E on BPA induced liver injury in adult male albino rats. Materials & methods: 49 adult male albino rats were allocated into seven groups (n = 7 each): control (distilled water), olive oil, vitamin E (100 mg/kg), omega-3 (400 mg/kg), BPA (130 mg/kg), BPA + vitamin E, and BPA + omega-3. Animals received treatment orally for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, livers were processed for histological examination (H&E, Masson trichrome, PAS, Caspase-3 immunostaining), while serum AST, ALT, and albumin were biochemically assessed. Results: BPA exposure resulted in marked liver injury, evidenced by sinusoidal and portal vein dilatation, hepatocyte vacuolation, nuclear pyknosis and karyolysis, along with increased collagen deposition, decreased glycogen content of hepatocytes, increased caspase-3 immunopositive staining, and significant rises in AST and ALT. Albumin level was significantly reduced. Administration of vitamin E or omega-3 significantly ameliorated these changes. However, vitamin E produced a more pronounced protective effect than omega-3. Conclusion: Both vitamin E and omega-3 promoted partial protection against BPA-induced liver injury in adult male albino rats. However, vitamin E had a more protective effect than omega-3.