Advancing sustainable biotechnology through CRISPR-Cas applications in crop protection natural product discovery and pharmacy

Abstract The convergence of genome editing and sustainability has positioned CRISPR-Cas technologies as transformative tools across agriculture and pharmacy. In crop protection, CRISPR-based diagnostics and resistance breeding are advancing sustainable strategies to mitigate plant diseases, reduce chemical pesticide use, and enhance food security. In parallel, CRISPR-Cas systems are accelerating the discovery and biosynthesis of plant-derived natural products with pharmaceutical relevance, offering greener pathways for drug development and functional foods. Miniature CRISPR effectors further expand the potential of portable, low-resource diagnostic platforms, strengthening applications in both field-based plant health monitoring and clinical settings. By integrating agricultural biotechnology with pharmaceutical innovation, CRISPR-Cas systems contribute to a circular bioeconomy and a sustainable future for global health. This review synthesizes recent advances, challenges, and opportunities at the interface of plant science and pharmacy, providing a roadmap for the next generation of sustainable biotechnology. Graphical abstract