The Relationship among Food Environment Types, Diet, and Nutrition Outcomes in Women, Children, and Adolescents from Low- and Lower-Middle Income Countries: A Systematic Review.

The persistent burden of malnutrition, including undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight and obesity, disproportionately affects women and children in low- and middle-income countries. Rapid urbanization and globalization are reshaping food environments (FEs), yet evidence on how different FE types influence diets and nutrition outcomes among these populations remains fragmented and largely concentrated in upper-middle and high-income settings. This systematic review examined the associations among cultivated, wild, built, and mixed FEs and diet and nutrition outcomes among women, children, and adolescents (