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INTRODUCTION: Stigma in psychiatry and mental health remains a major barrier to access to care, recovery, and social inclusion. It manifests through stereotypes, discrimination, and self-stigma, thereby exacerbating psychological distress and social inequalities. This article aims to analyze, in France and across Europe, the determinants of the effectiveness of protective factors against stigma in the fields of psychiatry and mental health. METHODS: We conducted a critical narrative review covering the period 2015–2025, based on a structured search of PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Scopus, and Web of Science, supplemented by a review of grey literature (WHO, OECD, Eurobarometer, Santé publique France, and association reports). Study selection and quality appraisal were performed independently in duplicate using assessment tools adapted for quantitative and qualitative studies. RESULTS: Stigma mechanisms involve labeling, stereotyping, social separation, discrimination, and self-stigma. Consequences include delayed access to care, worsening psychological distress, social exclusion, and substantial economic costs. Public policies, media, and peer support emerge as central levers. Operational definitions, data traceability, and a comparative table of interventions are provided in the appendix. DISCUSSION: Despite progress, stigma persists. Harmonization of measurement instruments, longitudinal evaluations, and coordinated mobilization of stakeholders are required. CONCLUSION: The article highlights innovative strategies grounded in lived experience, paricularly peer support and the co-construction of policies.