Cyber security: Challenges, Threats and Modern Solutions

Abstract Cyber security is the practice of protecting computers, networks, software, systems, and data from unauthorized access, attacks, damage, or disruption. With the rapid growth of the Internet, cloud computing, mobile devices, and artificial intelligence, more chances cyber threats are becoming more complex. Common threats include phishing, malware, ransomware, password attacks, denial-of-service attacks, man in middle attacks, and data breaches. This research paper discusses major cybersecurity threats, their impact, existing security techniques, and the role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in improving cyber defense. The paper also discusses challenges and effects and future directions for building safer digital systems.