Single-Cell RNA Sequencing in Porcine Biology and Production.

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as a transformative technology for resolving cellular heterogeneity and deciphering gene regulatory networks in complex tissues. Despite challenges such as incomplete genome annotation, technical variability across platforms, and limitations in robust cell-type annotation, scRNA-seq has substantially advanced our understanding of the developmental processes, physiological regulation, and disease responses in pigs, an economically and biomedically important species, thereby providing insights into traits of agricultural and translational relevance. By profiling transcriptomes at the single-cell resolution, scRNA-seq enables the identification of rare cell populations, dynamic cellular states, and lineage trajectories that are critical for reproduction, growth, immunity, and metabolic homeostasis. Recent porcine scRNA-seq studies have generated high-resolution cellular atlases spanning embryos, reproductive organs, immune tissues, skeletal muscle, and the gastrointestinal tract, revealing cell-type-specific regulatory mechanisms associated with reproductive performance, muscle accretion, adipogenesis, immune competence, and intestinal functionality. This review summarizes the fundamental principles and analytical strategies of scRNA-seq, highlights its major applications in porcine biology and production, and discusses current challenges as well as future perspectives for integrating single-cell technologies into livestock science.