Machine learning-assisted three-dimensional mapping of the facial soft tissues in Saudi Arabian adults with skeletal class I relationship

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate facial soft-tissue features in adults with skeletal Class I relationships using three-dimensional (3D) imaging and machine learning to identify sex-specific anthropometric patterns and provide reference data for orthodontic assessments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 94 Saudi Arabian adults (50 men, mean age 25 ± 2.1 years; 44 women, mean age 23 ± 1.9 years) with Class I skeletal and dental relationships and body mass index (BMI)