Gut microbiota-derived indole metabolites in colorectal cancer: potential links to PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Gut inflammation associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) is closely linked to gut microbiota dysbiosis and altered microbial metabolites that disrupt intestinal homeostasis. Among these metabolites, indole derivatives produced through microbial tryptophan metabolism have emerged as important regulators of colon health. Recent evidence suggests that indole derivatives can influence gut barrier integrity, colon inflammation, and CRC progression. In this mini-review, we summarize current evidence regarding the role of indole derivatives in gut barrier regulation and CRC development. We also discuss their potential relationship with signaling pathways implicated in CRC progression, particularly the PI3K/AKT pathway, which may offer new perspectives on improving colon health and preventing inflammation-associated CRC.